Lassa and crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever viruses, mali. The disease was first characterized in the crimea in 1944 and given the name crimean hemorrhagic fever. Causative viral groups 4 viral group representative viruses 1 filoviruses ebola v and marburg v 2 flaviviruses 82 members yellow fever v west nile v dengue fever v 3 bunyaviruses rift valley fever virus rvv, crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever cchf virus, and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome hps. In those who survive, recovery generally occurs around two weeks after onset. Some hfvs are considered to be a significant threat for use as biological.
Despite the efforts placed on early detection, viruses like dengue, ebola, lassa, crimeancongo hemorrhagic fevers continue to threaten the health of millions of people. Viral hemorrhagic fever refers to a group of diseases characterized by an acute febrile syndrome with vascular damages, hemorrhagic manifestations and high mortality rates caused by several families of viruses that affect humans and animals and high mortality rates 1. Centers for disease control and prevention, national center for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases ncezid, division of highconsequence pathogens and pathology dhcpp, viral special pathogens branch vspb. Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are a group of febrile illnesses caused by rna viruses from several viral families. Hemorrhagic fever symptoms can appear 421 days after exposure. Management and control of viral haemorrhagic fevers. Apr 25, 2016 causative viral groups 4 viral group representative viruses 1 filoviruses ebola v and marburg v 2 flaviviruses 82 members yellow fever v west nile v dengue fever v 3 bunyaviruses rift valley fever virus rvv, crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever cchf virus, and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome hps. This is a general definition for the surveillance of viral hemorrhagic fever, due to ebola virus, marburg virus, crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever viruses, lassa virus, lujo virus, or. This document was produced in cooperation with the emergency management division of the washington state military department. Many different viruses can cause vhf, including ebola, marburg, and lassa. Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs generally describe a severe, variety of viral often fatal diseases characterized by fever and bleeding in humans, which are caused by several distinct families of enveloped, singlestranded rna viruses including bunyaviridae, flaviviridae, filoviridae and arenaviridae, and a novel rhabdovirus associated with acute hemorrhagic fever found in. Viral hemorrhagic hemorahjik fevers are a group of viral caused by a type of germ called a virus diseases.
What should i do if i think i may have been exposed to a vhf. Viral hemorrhagic fevers chapter 4 2020 yellow book. Arenaviridae, which includes lassa, junin, and machupo viruses. Hemorrhagic fever viruses is a topic covered in the johns hopkins abx guide to view the entire topic, please sign in or purchase a subscription official website of the johns hopkins antibiotic abx, hiv, diabetes, and psychiatry guides, powered by unbound medicine.
Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses in which fever and hemorrhage are caused by a viral infection. Lassa fever, south american hemorrhagic fever hf, rift valley hf, crimeancongo hf, ebola, marburg, yellow fever, and dengue fever are well known examples of. Etiology ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fevers are caused by members of the genera ebolavirus and marburgvirus, respectively, in the family filoviridae. Viral hemorrhagic fever diagnostics clinical infectious. These organisms can be divided into 4 distinct families of viruses. About diseasespecific viral hemorrhagic fever cdc webpage. Viral hemorrhagic fever vhf is an acute febrile syndrome characterized by systemic involvement. Bunyaviridae, which includes rift valley fever, crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever, and hantaan viruses. These results show the potential for both of these viruses to be endemic to mali. Infection control for viral haemorrhagic fevers world health. Vhfendemic areas are found throughout the world, yet traditional diagnosis of vhf has been performed in large reference laboratories centered in europe and the united states. How can i get more information about viral hemorrhagic fever. About viral hemorrhagic fevers vhf cdc webpage vhf. Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are a group of illnesses caused by four families of viruses.
Filoviridae, which includes marburg and ebola viruses. Most of the viruses causing this illness are restricted in their. Pdf hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons. Viral hemorrhagic fevers fact sheet what are viral hemorrhagic fevers. Viral hemorrhagic fever an overview sciencedirect topics. Our investigation found 2 cases of infection with each of these viruses.
Although ineffective immunity and high viral loads are characteristic of several viral hemorrhagic fevers, severe plasma leakage occurs at the time. There are 4 families of viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever vhf, including filoviridae. Viral hemorrhagic fevers fact sheet centers for disease control. About disease specific viral hemorrhagic fever cdc webpage. Vhfs viruses cause a constellation of symptoms due to vascular instability and increased vascular permeability. Viral hemorrhagic fevers washington state department of health. Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus in ornithodoros savignyi. Current and historical conditions indexed list of current and historical nationally notifiable conditions. These highly infectious viruses lead to a potentially lethal disease syndrome characterized by fever, malaise, vomiting, mucosal and gastrointestinal gi. Lassa fever, south american hemorrhagic fever hf, rift valley hf, crimeancongo hf, ebola, marburg, yellow fever, and dengue fever are.
Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are diseases caused by groups of viruses such as the ebola virus and marburg virus. Hemorrhagic fever definition of hemorrhagic fever by. These highly infectious viruses lead to a potentially lethal disease syndrome characterized by fever, malaise, vomiting, mucosal and gastrointestinal gi bleeding, edema, and hypotension. Viral hemorrhagic fever vhf is a general term for illness caused by members of several.
Crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever cchf is caused by infection with a tick borne virus nairovirus in the family bunyaviridae. No matter what kind of hemorrhagic fever, the signs and symptoms are similar. Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus ahfv is a recently described virus within the genus flavivirus. Hemorrhagic fever viruses enter the bloodstream through various mechanisms eg, the bite of a mosquito or tick, inhalation, mucous membrane exposure, parenteral exposure, and all except hantaviruses cause disease during the period of viremia. If you have concerns about viral hemorrhagic fever, contact your healthcare. Ebola virus is one virus within the family filoviridae and the cause of the current outbreak of vhf in west africa. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hfrs, appears first as a global concern of one virus family, several human pathogenic viruses of the genus orthohantavirus, multiple clinical presentations, and different epidemiological patterns. Viral hemorrhagic fevers fact sheet centers for disease. This section will focus on those viruses that initially present with similar symptoms and. Jun 12, 2014 comparative pathogenesis of alkhumra hemorrhagic fever and kyasanur forest disease viruses in a mouse model bevan sawatsky, 1, 2, alexander j. Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs fact sheet minnesota dept. Hemorrhagic fever viruses hfvs are the subject of the sixth article in a series on medical and public health management of civilian populations following use of biological weapons.
Management of patients with suspected viral haemorrhagic fever. The viruses that cause both hps and hfrs are transmitted to humans through contact with urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents. The hemorrhagic fever viruses hfvs are a diverse group of organisms that are all capable of causing clinical disease associated with fever and bleeding disorder, classically referred to as viral hemorrhagic fever vhf. Cdc viral hemorrhagic fevers related bioterrorism resources. The rational design that is a feature of gene therapy is particularly useful to development of therapy for hemorrhagic fever viruses. Twelve distinct viruses associated with hemorrhagic fever in humans are classifed among four families. These diseases have been known as ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fevers, respectively, after the. Mar 12, 2020 viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are a group of illnesses caused by four families of viruses. This appealing property has led to many investigations that aim to advance various gene therapybased methods to disable the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers. Crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever virus cchfv is an important human pathogen, which is the cause of a tickborne illness occurring in many areas of africa, asia, and europe. N umerous viral hemorrhagic fevers are endemic to coun tries in africa.
Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhf are a group of febrile illnesses caused by. Hantaviruses cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome hps and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome hfrs. Pdf hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons peter. The names of these viruses have undergone several taxonomic changes since they were first. Viral hemorrhagic fever, any of a variety of highly fatal viral diseases that are characterized by massive external or internal bleeding or bleeding into the skin. Ahfv was discovered in 1995 in a patient with hemorrhagic manifestations and fever in saudi arabia. In general, the term viral hemorrhagic fever is used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome. Viral hemorrhagic fevers washington state department of. Viral hemorrhagic fever surveillance protocol division of infectious disease epidemiology, january, 2015 page 1 viral hemorrhagic fever vhf is a clinical illness associated with fever and bleeding diathesis caused by viruses belonging to 4 distinct families. Viral hemorrhagic fever disease management and investigation guidelines version 052018 viral hemorrhagic fever, page 1 case definition cdc 2011 note. Who health topic page on viral haemorrhagic fevers provides links to descriptions of activities, reports, publications, statistics, news, multimedia and events, as well as contacts and cooperating partners in the various who programmes and offices working on this topic.
Symptoms of cchf may include fever, muscle pains, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding into the skin. Atlanta, centers for disease control and prevention, 1998. Lassa fever, south american hemorrhagic fever hf, rift valley hf, crimeancongo hf, ebola, marburg, yellow fever, and dengue fever are well known examples of the hemorrhagic fever viruses. Mar 16, 2017 viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are a group of febrile illnesses caused by rna viruses from several viral families.
Arenaviruses that are known to cause viral hemorrhagic fever include lassa virus lassa fever, junin virus argentine hemorrhagic fever, machupo and chapare viruses bolivian hemorrhagic fever, guanarito virus venezuelan hemorrhagic fever and sabia virus, as well as a recently discovered virus in africa, which has. There are many types of viruses causing different hemorrhagic fevers, but all are carried from animals to humans in similar ways. Thorough and cuttingedge, hemorrhagic fever viruses. Methods and protocols is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers who want to bridge the gap between virus recognition in surveillance and understanding host responses to infection. This basic set of isolation precautions for patients with suspected or confirmed vhf infection was developed by the cdc and the world health.
Seasonality of hemorrhagic fever among humans is influenced for the most part by the dynamics of infected arthropod or vertebrate hosts. Bold indicates hemorrhagic fever viruses that pose serious risk as biological weapons addressed in this consensus statement. Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs refer to a group of illnesses caused by several families of viruses, including. Crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever cchf is a viral disease. Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are a group of illnesses that are caused by four families of viruses. Filoviridae, arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, and flaviviridae table 1. Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons jama. Infection control for viral haemorrhagic fevers in the african health care setting. Hemorrhagic fever viruses vhf background the hemorrhagic fever viruses hfvs are a diverse group of organisms that are all capable of causing clinical disease associated with fever and bleeding disorder, classically referred to as viral hemorrhagic fever vhf. Missouri department of health and senior services communicable disease investigation reference manual. The viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are a diverse group of human illnesses caused by rna viruses including approximately 50 species of the arenaviridae, filoviridae, bunyavirales, flaviviridae, and rhabdoviridae table 1. Vhfs may be caused by five distinct families of rna viruses. Aerosol and nosocomial transmission are especially important with lassa, junin, machupo, crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever, marburg, and ebola viruses. Hemorrhagic fever definition is any of a diverse group of virus diseases such as lassa fever and ebola that are usually transmitted by arthropods or rodents and are characterized by a sudden onset, fever, aching, bleeding in the internal organs, petechiae, and shock.
In general, the term viral hemorrhagic fever is used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome multisystem in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected. Other symptoms vary by the type of viral hemorrhagic fever but often include fever, malaise, muscle aches, vomiting, and shock. Hemorrhagic fever an overview sciencedirect topics. These include the ebola and marburg, lassa fever, and yellow fever viruses. Many hemorrhagic fever viruses are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be aerosolized made airborne, and would cause serious illness in the target population. Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs are diseases caused by groups of. The infectious dose for hemorrhagic fever viruses appears to be low 1 to 10 organisms.
Viral hemorrhagic fever vhf is a general term for illness caused by members of several different viral families. The number of infected health care workers declined after barrier nursing practices were begun during the ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak at kikwit, democratic republic of congo, 1995. Viral haemorrhagic fever hf is a term first coined by russian physicians in the 1940s to describe a syndrome comprised of fever, a constellation of initially nonspecific signs and symptoms, and a propensity for bleeding and shock. The viruses that cause hps are present in the new world. Viral hemorrhagic fever vhf viruses are diverse and include arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, filoviruses, and flaviviruses. Onset of symptoms is less than two weeks following exposure. Viral hemorrhagic fevers vhfs refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. Viral hemorrhagic fevers the first hours project provides messages and other resources for federal, state, local, and tribal public health officials to use during a response to an emergency. Developed by cdc in collaboration with the office of public affairs of the u. Epidemiology of hemorrhagic fever viruses clinical.
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